A Short List of Selected Resources on UFOs UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry (Anomalist Books: 2012) by Dr. Michael Swords, a retired professor who taught at Western Michigan University for 30 years, and Robert Powell, with co-authors Clas Svahn, Vicente-Juan Ballester-Olmos, Bill Chalker, Barry Greenwood, Richard Thieme, Jan Aldrich and Steve Purcell - from reviewers: "This is the best book about the UFO phenomena that was ever written" and "UFOs and Government is a triumph of sober, conscientious scholarship unlikely to be equaled for years go come" The UFO Encyclopedia : The Phenomenon from the Beginning (2 Volume Set) by Jerome Clark. Omnigraphics. 1998. - The best by a serious thoughtful scholar. The two volume set is superior to anything in the field. The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial by Jerome Clark. Visible Ink. New York. 1998. An abridged version of the encyclopedia. The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry by J. Allen Hynek (1975, reissued Marlowe and Company 1998) - A plea by an astronomer and respected scientist for the scientific method to be applied to UFO data, with clear criteria for doing so, above all, eliminating reports from consideration which can not be analyzed appropriately. The controversy over unidentified flying objects in America: 1896-1973 by David Jacobs (Thesis - University of Wisconsin, Madison: 1973) - A historical review for a Ph. D. in history by a man who became a professor of History at Temple University and - much later - immersed himself in the study of abduction experience. Until "UFOs and Government," the best history of the subject available, although now dated. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects by Edward J. Ruppelt (Ace Books: 1956) - (compare first and second editions) - a thoughtful reflection on his experience as an early head of the USAF Project Blue Book. Still one of the best resources. The UFO Evidence - Volume 2 : A Thirty Year Report by Richard H. Hall on behalf of NICAP (The National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena) is a classic, with numerous incidents analyzed and a taxonomy of vehicles reported by witnesses. This edition (if you can find it and afford it) is best. Hall also wrote Uninvited Guests (Aurora Press. 1988), a popular account. The UFO Enigma by Dr. Peter A. Sturrock. Warner Books. 1999. and A Tale of Two Sciences: Memoirs of a Dissident Scientist. Exoscience: Palo Alto CA. 2009. - Two mature, thoughtful works by a recognized physicist whose fine work with plasmas was in the open and whose research with UFO and other anomalous phenomena was not. The latter book documents his frustration with trying to do science which was not acceptable to the academy. See my review at www.thiemeworks.com. The Myth and Mystery of UFOs by Thomas E. Bullard (University Press of Kansas: 2010) A fine scholarly work which emphasizes the social and cultural contexts of UFO experience and reports in relationship to history and myth. The emphasis is on how a percept travels through humans -bodies, communities, frames of thought, constructions of reality - and is transformed along the way into acceptable concepts. The author concludes that the phenomena is real, compelling, and demands serious investigation and study. CE-5: Close Encounters of the Fifth Kind by Richard F. Haines, Ph. D. (Sourcebooks Inc. 1999) - A compendium by a NASA psychologist of encounters that suggest intelligent interaction between anomalous vehicles and people. Haines has also documented encounters by airline pilots and produced a compendium of 3500 cases. (google NARCAP for details and other publications) The Missing Times: News Media Complicity in the UFO Cover-up by Terry Hansen. Xlibris: 2000. - A journalist explores the failure of the mainstream media to cover the phenomena in a serious way. Unconventional Flying Objects: A Scientific Analysis by Paul R. Hill. Hampton Roads Publishing Company. 1995. A veteran at NASA, he was allowed to collect reports inside the agency for years on the condition that he keep it quiet. His daughter posthumously published this attempt to understand the physics of the characteristics shown by anomalous vehicles within the constraints of science that had not yet advanced to a level appropriate to account for the reported data. Incident at Exeter. John G. Fuller. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1966. A popular account of a major incident. It all depends on the reports and data, of course. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters by Frances Stonor Saunders. The New Press. New York. 1999. (published in the UK under the title "Who Paid the Piper? by Granta Publications. - Nothing on UFOs here but illuminates methods and covert action by the early CIA in the realm of the social sciences and art worlds. Good for contextual understanding of the CIA in the 1950s-1960s. The Cash-Landrum UFO Incident: Three Texans are Injured During an Encounter with a UFO and Military Helicopters by John F. Schuessler. (Self-published 1998) A well-documented incident which calls into question the accountability of government units to or for physical injuries during an unusual experience which may have involved radioactivity. Encounter at Buff Ledge: A UFO Case History by Walter N. Webb (J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies: 1994). A fascinating account of an abduction experience recalled independently by the two who experienced it. The result of ten years of thorough, serious, responsible investigation, this incident ranks with the Hill case and the story of three women in Stanford Kentucky in 1976 (http://ufos.about.com/od/bestufocasefiles/p/stanford.htm) for those interested in the abduction phenomena. Also see the Betty and Barney Hill case in 1961, the Pascagoula MS incident in 1973, and the Travis Walton incident in 1975. Google or read at www.thiemeworks.com: "How to Build a UFO ... Story" by Richard Thieme. originally published in Internet Underground and anthologized in numerous collections. "Are There UFOs on Mars?" by Richard Thieme, at www.thiemeworks.com, with a collection of interviews UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry A Book Review By Jerome Clark Among the most discussed issues in UFO history, dating back to the advent of flying discs in the latter 1940s, are these: What does the U.S. government know about UFOs, and is it concealing earth-shaking secrets? The issue formed the core of the first two UFO-themed books ever published, Behind the Flying Saucers by Frank Scully and The Flying Saucers Are Real by Donald Keyhoe, both from 1950. In Keyhoe's view the Air Force had deduced that saucers were visiting from another planet, probably Mars (which even astronomers then thought a possible abode of an intelligent race), from its analysis of sightings by reliable observers including its own pilots and other trained personnel. Scully's book, based on what turned out to be bogus claims by two notorious grifters, anticipated later allegations that UFOs had crashed and been recovered in New Mexico. Scully's yarn was situated near Aztec, not near Roswell, but the tale was the same in its broad details: extraterrestrial craft, alien bodies. Today, according to the occasional poll taken on the subject, even the casually interested American is likely to suspect that the government knows more about UFOs than it's willing to own up to. It's hardly irrational to harbor suspicions of that sort. Decades of puzzling sightings from credible citizens of all conceivable backgrounds - sometimes backed up by multiple or independent witnesses as well as sophisticated instrumentation - render so dubious the routine official denials that one can easily conclude that government sources are being much less than forthcoming. It's also true that the Air Force and its Project Blue Book resisted furiously - and successfully -- when a civilian group, Keyhoe's National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), lobbied for Congressional hearings on UFOs in the late 1950s and 1960s. These facts and considerations have generated a considerable literature, most of it more speculative than factual. At one end are relatively conservative Keyhoe-like notions; at the other extreme are stories of government/ET contacts and comparable face-to-face interactions. Roswell-based theories are somewhere in the middle of this spectrum. For those curious about these things, UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry by Michael Swords and Robert Powell (San Antonio and Charlottesville: Anomalist Books, 2012, 579 pages, $29.95, paperback) ought to be required reading. After all this time it is possible to glean some perspective on what governments, our own and others, have and have not done about the UFO sightings that came to their respective attentions. Most of this fat volume is taken up with the history of American officialdom's UFO policies and practices, but other chapters interestingly survey related matters in Sweden, France, Spain, and Australia. The authors - Clas Svahn, Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, Bill Chalker, Barry Greenwood, Richard Thieme, Jan Aldrich, and Steve Purcell also contribute in a secondary role - draw on the extensive documentation that has become possible through releases of documents by various governmental agencies. Interviews with those willing to speak on the record supplement the paper trail. What results is as thorough and accurate recovery of the record as is possible in the early 21st Century. The story is a riveting one. Americans, of course, will be most concerned with what was happening within our national boundaries. The answer: a whole lot of deeply puzzling sightings versus many years of official apathy punctuated with active hostility. Official interest was (and it is correct to refer to it in the past tense) sporadic, lasting at a perhaps too-generous estimate no more than three years. The first official body to take on the problem, Project Sign, decided after a few months of inquiry that the flying discs were probably extraterrestrial in origin - which was definitely nothing its Pentagon superiors wanted to hear. The succeeding Project Grudge, barely active for much of its existence, devoted its time to minimal investigation while conjuring up absurdly inadequate solutions to reports. Between late 1951 and mid-1953 Capt. Edward J. Ruppelt led the project, retitled Blue Book in March 1952, and tried to do the job right. These were Blue Book's golden years, never to be repeated. From then on, it was full-tilt debunking until the project shut down in 1969. The full history of those useless years is still a fascinating one, however. Those looking for sinister government machinations can find it in the recommendations of the CIA's Robertson Panel, which convened for less than a week in January 1953 but laid down recommendations that drove official policy forever afterwards. The panel's scientists dismissed the reality of UFOs practically on the spot, but they thought sightings and beliefs influenced by reports constituted the true menace to national security. The panel urged that people be discouraged from making those reports by manipulation of popular opinion, and it advocated the monitoring of private UFO groups. Sightings would be quickly explained, and even if people didn't stop making them, they would at least be discouraged from talking about them. How American officialdom went about doing its dismal deeds comprises much of the narrative of UFOs and Government. If it's discouraging, sometimes infuriating, reading, the book is yet full of life and color. The heroes are few, albeit not nonexistent, and the villains are many. The drama never flags, even when the good guys - those who advocated real investigation and empirical analysis - are frustrated at nearly every turn by Blue Book, the Pentagon, and an insanely compliant press which embraces official pronouncements, however spurious or laughable on their face. Meanwhile, the book continually highlights mostly little-known, seriously enigmatic, yet well-documented reports which make it depressingly clear what was not being accounted for or addressed all the while. Before this, only three books have sought to address the official history in a responsible, grounded fashion: Ruppelt's The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (1956), David M. Jacobs's The UFO Controversy in America (1975), and Lawrence Fawcett and Barry Greenwood's Clear Intent (1984). UFOs and Government supersedes all of these fine works, not only by bringing the story up to date but by filling in the early record with what we have learned since. How could this have happened? How could what is surely destined to be seen as among the major scientific questions of the 20th Century been so irresponsibly neglected? UFOs and Government can't answer that question, which will take up a fair amount of space in the future literature of science, sociology, and psychology. At least among military and intelligence decision-makers , however, it appears reasonably evident that once they observed that UFOs didn't act like an imminent threat, they could be ignored while more pressing Cold War anxieties consumed policy-makers' attention. Of course, nobody wanted to put it that crassly when so much of the public was demanding something more substantive than rote statements of rejection. So eventually, often unconsciously, an evolving mind-set declared that UFOs were being essentially ignored because the sightings didn't amount to anything - a judgment the military was not actually entitled to make, but which it did anyway because contrary pressures (from civilians and UFO organizations) could easily be contained. As for the dismissive scientists, no excuse is imaginable, and history will render its verdict, sure to be harsh, in due course. Where does this leave intriguing controversies like the Roswell incident? UFOs and Government handles that question as well as any astute observer could, with agnosticism. Yes, it concedes, the official explanation (a balloon employed in a secret intelligence experiment) is unconvincing to most. At the same time, no evidence exists that so colossal an event as the recovery of an alien spacecraft affected official policy, which it would have pushed in a radical direction. To every available appearance, Roswell and its aftermath vanished into a black hole. If something is being covered up, whatever that something is, it remains for all practical purposes invisible. It doesn't play a role in any detectable history. UFOs and Government is a triumph of sober, conscientious scholarship unlikely to be equaled for years go come. "UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry" is an exceptional and exciting book. Written by the UFO History Group - serious researchers and historians composed of Swords, Powell, Svahn, Olmos, Chalker, Greenwood, Thieme, Aldrich and Purcell - it brings analytical complexity of the UFO phenomena from World War II up to current days. Their work stands on the shoulder of facts, official documents, and sterling sources. The book is focused towards military and intelligence circles and describes in detail their long-term struggle on how to handle the unwanted problem of UFOs. If only the phenomena could simply go away and leave them in peace. But it persists, without mercy, over and over again. Historical treatment of the official UFO research within the United States is presented with great care along with the controversies that followed projects Sign, Grudge and Blue Book. Years passed. Different officials within different policies tried to deal with the issue, one way or another. It was especially interesting to compare official policies with the internal notes of Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, former head of project Blue Book and who wrote a classic book "The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects." "UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry" brought extended treatment to General Cabell's 1951 meeting, which was mentioned only in passing in Ruppelt's book. Notes from the meeting show that Cabell demanded a serious approach regarding UFOs. Ruppelt previously described in his original book that "every word of the two-hour meeting was recorded on a wire recorder. The recording was so hot that it was later destroyed." It was impressive to follow the chapter on the Colorado Project which caused the closure of the USAF investigation of the phenomena. Audiotaped lectures from the CUFOS archives of Robert Low to the JPL at Caltech from October 1967 shows how strong the subject was polarized between personal opinions and official inertia. This chapter is a great companion piece to previous works of Dr. J. Allen Hynek's "The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry," David. R. Saunders' "UFOs? Yes!: Where the Condon committee went wrong," and Wendy Connors' audio set "Faded Discs." Documents and facts from Sweden, Australia, Spain, France, Belgium, the former Soviet Union and Brazil, emphasized the international context of the whole problem. In the Australian chapter, the Sea Fury radar-visual incident with UFO from August 31, 1954 was presented. The pilot was instructed by air-traffic control to turn his airplane in a circle for identification. That maneuver showed that his aircraft was discernable from two other close targets. A similar radar-visual case, that I am personally aware of, happened at the end of 1970s in the former Yugoslavia where a pilot was also instructed to turn his aircraft through a maneuver for identification purposes. At that moment, the UFO accelerated towards the aircraft almost causing a collision. The case involved AIRPROX which implicated aviation safety so it was interesting for me to compare similarities between both cases. The book also explains the unique situation in France because their official UFO research program, from GEPAN, SEPRA to GEIPAN, is located within the French Space Agency CNES where a scientific approach is applied. Although the official UFO program in the United States was terminated after the review of Condon's committee, other programs in other countries are still active. It can be argued that due to the lack of direct experience in the UFO field, countries that are still in the UFO business, will encounter the same obstacles and in the end, they will draw the same conclusions that Project Blue Book did. On the other hand, France is already 35 years into the UFO field, which is 13 years more than the length of the entire Blue Book mandate. Official projects and investigations of these complex aerial phenomena are ongoing, and that is the fact. This book can serve as a perfect briefing document for every government employee, military analyst, non-commissioned officer, officer and researcher which could be, or already is, confronted with this issue. France has GEIPAN; Chile has CEFAA; Uruguay has CRIDOVNI; Argentine has CEFA, etc. If any employee of those projects, or any other serious scholar from any other field, will need a historical broad overview of the UFO phenomena, this book will provide a great service. If this issue will ever become academically recognized in the unpredictable future, "UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry" should be an obligatory literature at those colleges. My opinion is that this is the best book about the UFO phenomena that was ever written. Giuliano Marinkovic Former Military Intelligence SIGINT operator, Croatian Army Journalist and Writer CHOICE: a publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries. A Division of the American Library Association. www.choicemag.org CURRENT REVIEWS FOR ACADEMIC LIBRARIES FEBRUARY 2013 VOL. 50 NO.06 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES History, Geography and Area Studies The following review appeared in the February 2013 issue of CHOICE. UFOs and government: a historical inquiry, by Michael Swords et al. Anomalist Books, 2012. 580 p. ISBN 9781933665580 pbk. $29.95 The bibliography of the UFO phenomenon is vast but often dreary. This straightforward study of the limited topic of government responses to sightings of UFOS--unidentified flying objects--is an exception. The idea that UFOs had extraterrestrial origins (a hypothesis not favored by governments) is only one of the many explanations the authors discuss. Although UFO sightings have supposedly occurred throughout history, the modern UFO phenomenon had its origins in the final days of WW II. Initially, Western officials feared that UFOs were NAZI or Soviet technology. Cold war fears caused the US and other governments to obsess about the national security implications of UFOs. Scientific investigation and transparency were only occasionally part of the response. Combined with inconsistent government policies, the response resulted in confusion and suspicion, which inspired conspiracy theories. Although these nine authors are part of the UFO community, they are not advocates of fringe theories. Their narrative is firmly based on the available sources. The writing can be dense and sometimes convoluted, reflecting the military sources that form the evidence. A useful resource for the study of a controversial topic. SUMMING UP: Recommended. All levels/libraries. -- R. Fritze, Athens State University. SUBJECT INDEX OF UFOS AND GOVERNMENT: A HISTORICAL INQUIRY Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA and later DARPA), 238 Aero Club of New England, 113 Aerospace Companies Boeing, 153, 299, 340, 378 Douglas, 222 General Electric, 54-55, 495 North American Aviation, 9, 208 Northrop, 9, 213 Rockwell, 280 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 332, 441 Australian Air Force Intelligence (DAFI), 373, 376-77, 379-82, 384-88, 390, 392-98, 400-01, 404-05, 407, 412-15 Astronomical Observatories Cincinnati, 56 Dearborn, 395 Lowell, 264 Lund, 25 Palomar, 86, 106, 210, 366 Sacramento Peak, 314 Saltsjöbaden, 25 Smithsonian Astrophysical, 218, 249 Stockholm, 14, 364 University of Pennsylvania, 299 Yerkes, 225 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 37, 76, 81, 92, 106-07, 148, 182, 184, 186, 477 Avro disk project, 232, 265 Battelle Memorial Institute, 132, 177, 189, 191, 220, 225, 239, 503 Beacon Hill, 110, 175-76 Blue Book Special Report #14, 220-24, 239-41, 251, 265 Bolender Memo, 336-37 Books discussed At The Threshold: UFOs, Science, and the New Age, 470 Behind the Flying Saucers, 95, 103 Clear Intent, 337-39 Flight into the Ages, 410 Flying Saucers, 214 Flying Saucers Are Real, 103, 199 Flying Saucers from Outer Space, 211, 216, 219, 221, 374-76, 379, 508 Passport to Magonia, 399 Strategic Air Power, 151 Studies in Intelligence, 349 The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance, 349 The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, 131, 197, 209, 221, 301 The UFO Encyclopedia, 77 The UFO Evidence, 298, 319, 339 The World of Flying Saucers, 215, 289, 300 UFOs? Yes!, 316 Brookings Institution, 206 Cape Canaveral, 208, 281 Censorship. See Information censorship Center for International Studies (CENIS), 185-87 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 48, 62, 90, 102, 139, 148, 159, 163, 172, 175, 226-28, 248, 264-66, 337, 342, 349, 365 CIRVIS, 123 Colorado Project, 316, 331-32 directors of, 166, 170-72, 174-75, 177, 180, 182-86, 188, 191, 196, 228, 243, 506 formation of, 26, 30, 146, 182-83 green fireballs, 81, 86 Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC), 182-90, 228, 266 investigations of citizens, 120 media, 53, 146, 216, 308 National Photo Interpretation Center (NPIC), 149, 279, 419 national security, 146, 159, 170, 172, 174, 177-82, 185-86, 190-91, 193, 228, 503-07 need for scientific research of UFOs, 184-88, 190-91, 198 Office of Scientific Investigations (OSI) investigation of UFOs, 173-183, 216, 228, 266, 503-07 involvement with military affairs, 182-83, 185, 264 organizational structure, 171-72 Scientific Intelligence Committee (SIC), 183 scientific study, 184-87, 189-91, 198 special studies group, 172-74 psychological use of UFOs, 176, 178-81, 190-91, 239, 290, 504-07 relations with other organizations, 163, 172-75, 177-78, 182-88, 191, 208, 264, 349-50, 503-04 Robertson Panel, 159, 170, 176, 187-91, 196, 198-99, 216-17, 291-92, 468 SIGN 65 U-2 spy plane, 217, 264, 349-50 Central Intelligence Group (CIG), 22-23, 26, 30, 146 CIRVIS-MERINT reporting procedure, 123, 220, 247, 261, 285, 336-37 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), Air Traffic Control, 129, 149, 154, 156, 158, 161, 194, 215, 247, 259, 284 Coast Guard, 36, 256, 260-61 Colorado Project, 153, 215, 229, 231, 248-49, 260, 300, 306-07, 332, 336, 351 beginnings of their work, 316-18 conclusions prior to completion of work, 324-25, 331 creation of, 308-12 development of final report, 326-27, 329-31 firing of project members, 328-29 Low memo, 321-23 methodology of, 312-15, 318 role of Condon, 319-21 Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), 321 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 374-75, 389, 394-96, 404, 411, 413 Communications Instructions for Reporting Emergency Sightings (CIRES), 122, 336 Congress military budget, 146, 217, 238 NICAP and Keyhoe, 204-05, 208, 212, 219-23, 241-44, 254, 265, 271-73, 275, 277-79, 291, 293, 298, 301, 306 United States House of Representatives, 38, 98, 103, 239, 275-79, 283, 292-93, 296, 307, 315, 328-29, 331, 337- 38, 342, 349, 351-55 United States Senate, 219, 285, 291 UFO investigations, 119, 271, 291 Contactees, 204, 219, 238, 274, 301, 320, 366, 385, 463 Crawford Ranch, 347, 510-12 Department of Defense (DOD), 118, 123, 187, 238, 348, 351, 510-12 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 340-41, 457 Defense Science Board (DSB), 265 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 75-76, 123, 186, 239, 265, 338 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 75-76 See also Pentagon Department of State, 90, 182, 186 Electromagnetic. See UFO evidence, electromagnetic, interference, ionization Extraterrestrial and Hypothesis (ET or ETH) government discussions, 48, 58, 61-62, 65-66, 74-75, 77, 107-08, 135, 140-41, 147, 163-64, 173, 178, 190, 205-06, 209, 272-73, 290, 331, 355-56, 379, 381, 449-50, 493, 495, 504, 509 media, 103, 159, 350, 381 public views, 67, 133, 301, 351, 353, 355, 368, 463 scientific opinions, 56, 72, 74, 117, 151, 176, 242, 263, 297, 313, 317-19, 322-24, 329, 449-50, 458 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Air Traffic Control, 342, 345-48, 510-12 See also Civil Aviation Authority Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), 30, 35, 75, 86, 90, 164, 229, 247, 275, 339, 349, 354, 490 investigation of citizens, 103, 119-20, 196-97, 219, 239-40 UFO investigations, 36, 38-39, 57, 81, 95, 105-07, 148, 266 Forteans, 188-89 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 48, 62, 65, 133-35, 249, 336, 338-39, 343, 345-46, 348-49, 407, 470 General Accounting Office (GAO), 329, 337, 342, 351-55 General Mills, balloons, 85, 94, 99, 105, 114, 118, 128-29, 144, 151, 166, 232 Greater Miami Aviation Association, 220 Ground Observer Corps (GOC), 215, 219, 226, 265, 348 Hessdalen Project, 453, 455 Hoaxes, 42-43, 45, 73, 99-100, 103-05, 113-14, 120, 122, 127, 139, 145, 147, 172, 283, 291, 326, 365, 431, 440, 465 specific cases, 95, 259, 357, 367 Hysteria or panic as a concern, 32, 35, 103, 153, 174, 176, 179-81, 190, 194, 205-06, 238-40, 247, 263, 342-43, 393, 468, 505-07 as an explanation for UFOs, 6, 66, 73-74, 99-100, 104-06, 122, 250, 296, 343, 362-63, 376 ICBM, 10, 206, 208, 217, 238 Information censorship, 468, 470-71 by CIA, 174, 181, 290, 342, 507 by Condon Report, 321, 327 by NASA, 348-49 by Pentagon, 204-05, 208-09 by United States Navy, 86-87 by United States Air Force, 7, 66-67, 99, 103, 119-20, 133-34, 198-99, 216-20, 272-73, 282-85, 306-07, 345-46, 348, 496, 500, 509 in Australia, 392, 404 in France, 452 Invisible College, 332, 394-96, 401, 470 JANAP 146 procedure, 30, 122-24, 130, 198-99, 204, 220, 242, 247, 261, 285, 336-38 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 325, 331 Journals and Magazines Argosy, 75 Amazing Stories, 53 Christian Science Monitor, 93 Cosmopolitan, 113-14 Journal of the Optical Society of America, 191 FATE, 53 Life, 120, 147, 156 Look, 117-18, 147, 216, 328 MIJI Quarterly, 341 My Weekly Reader, 103 National Enquirer, 338-39 New Yorker, 184, 188 Newark Star-Ledger, 283-84 Popular Science, 57 Saturday Evening Post, 67, 72, 74 SEE, 210-11 The Airline Pilot, 231 The American Weekly, 217 True, 90, 93-95, 99, 164 U.S. News and World Report, 97 Lincoln Laboratories, 175-76, 184-85, 187, 191, 198 Loedding disk and lenticular designs, 41, 54, 55 Los Alamos National Laboratories, 77, 86, 104, 108, 114, 175, 217, 252, 310 green fireballs, 78-79, 81, 105, 119, 146 Los Alamos Birdwatchers Association, 85-86, 105 UFO sightings, 61, 95, 100, 105-06, 116-17, 119, 144, 148, 189, 195, 210, 213 Lovelace Clinic, 281, 287 MIT Radiation Laboratory, 5, 189 Moon, 227 See also UFO, explanations Moonwatch (Operation), 218, 249-50, 348 Movies, Radio and Television Arthur Godfrey, 194-95, 282 CBS, 195-96, 272-73, 308 Dave Garroway Show, 261-62 Disney, 194-95, 321 Edward R. Murrow, 99 Green Rouse Studios, 222 Jam Handy Co., 194 National Press Club, 343 Night Beat, 244 The Armstrong Circle Theater, 272-73, 276 The Mike Wallace Interview, 272-73 The Thing, 103 Walter Winchell, 75 War of the Worlds, 35, 190, 205 UFO, 221-22, 240, 265-66 National Academy of Sciences, 306, 309, 328 National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 83, 194, 217, 241, 308 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 83, 198, 264, 273, 279, 289, 293, 336, 440, 458 hiding information, 348-49 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 309 National Bureau of Standards, 65, 71, 310 National Guard, 51, 62, 66, 343 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 343 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 172, 349 National security, 41, 44, 52, 116, 228, 241, 260, 284 actions to protect, 133, 146, 156, 204-07, 336, 468 Australia, 373, 378, 392, 402, 404, 408-09, 412 concerns of, 30, 42, 72, 112, 140, 151, 170, 177-81, 185-87, 190-91, 193, 208, 503-07, 510-12 France, 439, 453, 469 primary purpose, 140, 336, 468-69 psychological threat, 174, 179-81, 185, 190-91, 505-07 Robertson Panel, 159 Spain, 436-37 UFOs not a threat, 147, 159, 238, 291 National Security Act, 30, 75 National Security Agency (NSA), 340-41, 403-04 National Security Council (NSC), 67, 159, 170, 172, 180-83, 185-87, 506-07 National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID), 182-87, 189, 198, 265 Naval Academy, 92, 165, 241, 243 Naval Intelligence, 20, 62, 90-91, 117, 151, 186, 279 Australia, 379-80 conflict with the Air Force, 164-65, 170, 261, 281-82 Naval Space Surveillance Center, 348 Naval Vessels HMAS Adroit, 406, 411 Saldanha da Gama, 463 The Sebago, 260-63 USS Ticonderoga, 43, 489 USS Tillamock, 90 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), 337-38, 348, 510-12 North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO), 164, 273, 451, 456-8 Nuclear or Atomic laboratories, 77-79, 106, 396 nuclear powered craft, 9, 19, 37, 62, 74-76, 107, 116, 147, 187, 217, 403 Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA), 10, 75, 116, 477 Physicists, 55, 117, 187, 189, 385, 414 power plants, 148-49, 185, 187, 208, 213, 348 radioactivity, 18, 62, 66, 86, 105-07, 116, 125, 164, 178, 210, 250, 281-82, 342, 406, 445, 504 war, 297, 403-04 waste sites, 31, 33, 176, 178, 504 weapon and weapon sites, 10, 30-31, 33, 38, 92, 104, 124, 133, 146, 149, 164, 176, 189, 208, 248, 259-60, 338- 39, 352, 396, 410 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 31, 210 propulsion work, 10, 75 UFO sightings at, 104, 106-08, 114, 116-17, 144, 146, 175-6, 189, 213 Office of Strategic Service (OSS), 146 Operation Deepfreeze, 290 Pentagon, 5, 31, 35, 53-54, 102, 112, 132, 170, 290, 314, 375 AFCSI letter, 91-92 Air Force intelligence, 7, 36 Blue Book Report #14, 239-40 congress, 212, 222-23, 227, 243, 277, 281 ghost rockets, 30, 52 green fireballs, 77, 79-81, 92, 497 involvement of scientific community, 306-07 JANAP 146, 122-24, 261, 336-37 media, 67, 74-75, 90, 93, 97-100, 103-04, 113, 118-122, 130, 145-48, 155-64, 204, 208-09, 212, 216, 219-21, 243- 44, 254-56, 284-86, 291-92, 301, 500 NICAP, 247 relation with Air Materiel Command, 42-43, 48-51 Robertson Panel, 184-86 SIGN's Estimate, 61-62, 65-66, 71-72, 74, 117, 509 space race, 238-39 UFO investigations, 35, 37-43, 58, 60, 116, 126-28, 148-50, 153, 342, 462, 464, 492-93 views on the UFO phenomenon, 64, 139-47, 151-53, 164, 242-43, 331 withdrawal from UFO investigations, 122-24 See also Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff Photographic Evidence. See UFO evidence, photographic Planets Mars, 53, 74, 92, 99, 194, 205-06, 209-10, 264, 495 as reason for a sighting, 217-18, 224, 296, 384 Mercury, 495 Jupiter as reason for a sighting, 213, 215, 298, 384 Saturn, 227, 262, 282, 464 as reason for a sighting, 384 Venus, 74, 81, 209, 225, 230, 283 as reason for a sighting, 52, 61, 213, 226, 229, 259, 263, 299, 361-63, 431, 436, 494-95, 525 Project Manhattan (The Manhattan Project), 104 Project Mogul, 57, 85, 352-53, 355-56 Project Saucer, 210 Project Twinkle, 81, 105, 115, 119, 135, 146, 172, 191 Psychology as an explanation for UFO sightings, 42, 194, 238, 266, 321, 327, 367, 377, 431, 441-2, 471, 494 doctors of, 310-13, 320, 325, 367, 458 human, 44, 173, 193-96, 296, 294, 320 military, 31, 42 use of UFO reports in warfare, 44, 87, 107, 140, 151, 174, 176, 187, 290, 292-93 See also Hysteria or panic, as a concern; National security, psychological threat Radiation and Geiger counter. See UFO evidence, radiation Radar. See UFO evidence, radar RAND creation of, 9-10 study of UFOs, 58-59, 62, 72, 76, 164-65, 477, 492-93 Redstone rocket, 208, 217 Regulus program, 262 Robertson Panel attitude of, 192-93, 216-17 classified portion of report, 277 creation of, 189-90 education of public and debunking via media, 193-94, 222, 243, 279, 298, 300, 308, 351, 468 effects of conclusions, 197-9, 208, 219-20, 286, 292 final report, 191, 193-96 meetings and discussions, 190-91, 209-10 See also Central Intelligence Agency, Robertson Panel Roswell Report, 44-45, 337, 342, 350-57, 359-60 Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 339, 377 Samford Press Conference, 159-63 Sandia National Laboratories, 77, 79, 81, 95, 104, 131, 144, 189, 195, 252, 281 Satellites development of, 9-10, 165, 217-18, 249 green fireballs, 80 spying with, 146, 149, 403 tracking of, 250, 256, 285, 294, 296, 311, 456, 470 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 297, 460 Secretary of Defense, 123, 186, 265, 276, 338 Forrestal, 67 Johnson, 97 Perry, 351 Smithsonian, 331-32 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), 218, 249, 285 Soviet Union or Russia. 104, 120, 126, 146, 151, 206, 208, 217, 228, 279, 352, 400 as the source of UFOs, 36, 42-45, 48, 50, 55, 66-67, 71-72, 75, 87, 107, 119, 140-43, 145-46, 151, 156, 264-65, 381, 401, 481, 490-91 elimination as the source of UFOs, 60-61, 74, 98, 105, 118, 172-74, 205-06, 210, 242, 246, 266, 274, 289, 291 ghost rockets, 16, 19-20, 22-23, 26-27, 362-63, 365 green fireballs, 77, 115-16, 119 interest in UFOs, 57 nuclear war threat, 9, 30, 293, 403 psychological use of UFOs, 174, 176, 178-80, 185, 187, 190, 194, 349, 504-06 satellites, 218, 238, 249-50, 256 UFO sightings, 57, 227-28, 458-60 Theodolite or tracking telescope, 32-33, 85, 92, 94, 96, 105, 115-16, 129, 247-49, 266, 298 Twining Memo, 43, 48 U-2 and OXCART, 215, 247, 264 cause of UFO reports, 349-50 UFO, evidence electromagnetic, interference, ionization, 6, 91, 244, 250-55, 287, 295, 300, 340-41, 445-46, 458 photographic, 96, 105, 224, 278-79, 317, 329-30, 488-89 Australia, 377, 407 Belgium, 457-58 Brazil, 460-61, 463-65 Edwards AFB, 247-48, 266 France, 444 Great Falls, 222 Hart, 131 Heflin, 326 Luke AFB, 213-14 McMinnville, 326 Phoenix Lights, 343 Rhodes, 53-55 Ryman, 36-37 Spain, 432 Tremonton, 149, 191, 198 plant and soil, 420-21, 444-46 radar, 35-36, 43-44, 90-91, 104, 106-07, 115-16, 124, 131, 148, 153-62, 212-15, 225-26, 229-31, 246-49, 259-61, 266, 283-84, 287, 295-96, 326-27, 338-47, 375-76, 379-80, 382, 397-98, 400, 407, 414, 417-18, 430-31, 435, 452, 457-58, 487, 489, 510-12, 527 radiation, 86, 105-06, 116, 164, 281-82, 342 UFO, explanations aircraft, 35, 83, 91, 117, 150, 214, 226, 229, 249, 260, 263, 266, 294, 299, 345, 349-50, 361, 363, 374, 431, 435-6, 528 ball lighting, 218, 254-56, 262, 264, 274, 314-15 balloons, 3, 7, 35, 43, 45, 51-52, 54, 56-57, 85, 90-92, 94, 100, 106-07, 116-19, 121, 127-29, 148, 198, 224, 226, 231, 248, 284, 294, 327, 350-56, 365, 375, 387, 392, 431, 462, 494 birds, 115, 131, 149, 161, 192, 198, 222, 230, 366 illusion, 38, 52, 108, 145, 158, 258, 274, 378, 384, 433, 457, 462 meteor, 12-14, 16, 25-26, 33, 35, 43, 56, 60, 78-81, 91, 121, 129, 133-35, 199-200, 224-26, 230, 246, 260, 262, 284, 286, 345, 366, 374-75, 497 mirage, 52, 117, 218, 258, 263, 296, 316, 327, 384 moon, 6, 246, 259, 386-87, 406, 433 planets. See Planets plasma, 152, 316, 323 St. Elmo's Fire, 255-56, 262 stars Arcturus, 215 Betelgeuse, 215, 296 Capella, 215, 218, 296 Sirius, 362-63, 417 Spica, 218, 299 UFO, motions erratic flight, 3, 34, 55, 154, 158, 218, 225-26, 246, 266, 287, 294, 397, 409-10, 461 extreme speed, 35, 37, 43, 54, 90-91, 104, 114-15, 124, 128-29, 131, 147-48, 154-55, 166, 212-13, 217, 224-26, 229, 231-32, 246, 266, 274-75, 283, 295, 344, 346-47, 378, 382, 387, 397, 403-04, 409-11, 439, 443, 447, 449, 458, 461-62, 480, 487-89 Fournet motion study, 152, 191, 209, 272, 509 hovering, 115-16, 129, 149, 155, 212-13, 217-18, 224-25, 229-31, 259, 282-83, 288, 294-95, 298-300, 338, 383, 403-04, 409-10, 421, 433-34, 443, 445, 447, 461, 480, 487 rotating, 128, 130, 148, 200, 212, 229, 287-88, 298-99, 388-90, 421 sudden change in direction, 54, 71, 83, 90-91, 104, 155, 158, 212, 224, 226, 229-31, 283, 294-95, 338, 344, 447 undulating or wobbling, 37, 40, 71, 83, 200, 212, 231, 296, 475 UFO, organizations Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO), 174, 176, 195-97, 204, 257-58, 291, 300, 315-16, 332 Archives for UFO Research (AFU), 368, 364, 367 Australian Flying Saucer Research Society, 402, 420 Australian UFO Research Association, 409, 413, 420 Borderland Sciences Research Associates, 174 Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS), 332, 351, 442, 470 Civilian Saucer Intelligence (CSI-NY), 174, 230 Civilian Saucer Investigation (CSI-LA), 174, 176, 196-97 Commonwealth Aerial Phenomena Investigation Organisation (CAPIO), 412 Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), 332, 351 National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), 174, 265-66, 285, 289-90, 298, 301 battle with Air Force, 204-05, 208, 220, 223, 239, 241-44, 246-47, 271-73, 275-79, 283, 291-93, 306-07 case investigations, 294-96, 299-300 Colorado Project, 315, 319, 324-26, 329, 332 Skandinavisk UFO Information (SUFOI), 274, 367 Victoria Flying Saucer Research Society (VFSRS), 384, 389, 392 UFOs, orders to fire upon or intercept 105, 153, 159, 232, 503 UFOs, shapes Cigar, 15-16, 71, 129, 274, 370, 374, 385-86, 440, 494-95 Cylinder, 280, 294 disk, 30-33, 38, 40, 43-45, 48, 52-58, 61-62, 71-72, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 94, 96, 114-15, 124, 129, 130, 134-35, 144, 148-50, 152, 154, 164-65, 177-81, 191, 212-13, 224, 226, 227, 229-30, 247, 274, 285, 294, 298-300, 339, 343, 350, 352, 354, 366-68, 374, 381-86, 388, 405-06, 430, 461, 463, 475-77, 480, 487, 494-95, 503-07 foo fighter, 3-7, 53, 494-95 flying wing, 54, 131, 491 missile, 55, 58, 61-62, 81, 84, 119, 122, 154, 162, 245, 252, 369, 428, 430 sphere, 3, 7, 62, 144, 213, 226, 287, 298-300, 404-05, 494 triangle, 57, 86, 213, 226, 343, 431, 434, 457 UFOs, witness types, air traffic controllers, 115, 154-59, 161, 247-48, 259-60, 280, 283-84, 349, 382, 418 astronomers, 57, 153, 199, 225-27, 229-30, 470 Bartlett, 214-15 Hess, 100 Johnson, 294 Tombaugh, 81-82 gendarmes, 449, 457 military (non-pilots). See the Event Index which contains all military reports. pilots (civilian), 32-33, 53, 82-83, 95-96, 100, 108, 114, 129, 149-50, 155, 163, 224, 229-31, 245, 282, 284-85, 287, 342, 344-45, 349, 365, 369, 377-78, 431-32, 434-36, 488-89 pilots (military), 3-7, 15-16, 34, 51, 58, 60, 62, 71, 77, 82-83, 90-91, 94, 98, 114-15, 124, 126-28, 130, 132, 144, 165, 212-15, 224-26, 229-30, 244-45, 248-49, 280, 340-41, 376, 380-81, 387, 409-10, 417-18, 450, 457-58, 461, 488 police, 3, 6, 74, 224, 226, 246, 253-54, 293, 295-96, 338-39, 344-47, 424, 456, 488 religious figures, 279, 383-388, 447-48 scientists, 74, 84-86, 94-95, 117, 144, 164, 224-25, 249, 325, 382-83, 464 See also UFOs, witness types, astronomers United States Air Force Air Intelligence Information Report, 65-66, 227, 254, 258, 383 AIR-100-203-79, 65, 76, 140 Director of Intelligence, 39, 48-49, 54, 60, 62, 66, 113, 159, 184, 210, 219, 286, 485-91, 509 Estimate by SIGN, 5, 39, 61-62, 65-66, 72, 76, 100, 117, 164, 272, 474-75, 509 Joint Surveillance System, 345, 348 manual 55-11, 336 O'Brien Committee, 306-07 pressure for witnesses not to talk, 60, 86, 224, 228, 284-86 regulation 200-2, 198-99, 240, 242, 286, 365 regulation 205-1, 119-20 Secretary of the Air Force, 276-77, 324, 339, 351-52 Brown, 307 Douglas, 244 Finletter, 112-13, 145 Quarles, 221, 223, 239 Symington, 100 Talbott, 224 United States Air Force Bases Andrews AFB, 154-59, 161 Bates Field, 230-31 Bolling AFB, 91, 155 Brookley Field, 231 Brooks AFB, 92 Carswell AFB, 277, 345 Castle AFB, 230 Chitose AFB, 35-36, 212 Davis-Monthan AFB, 90 Edwards AFB, 148, 208, 214, 247-48, 266 Eglin AFB, 71 Ellsworth AFB, 215 Ent AFB, 211, 254-55, 258-59, 263 Fairfield-Suisun AFB, 37, 42 Forbes AFB, 288 George AFB, 147-48 Godman Field, 51 Hamilton Field, 488 Harmon Field, 38-39, 42, 488 Hickam Field, 71 Holloman AFB, 54, 105, 114-16, 213, 256-60 Keesler AFB, 277 Kirtland AFB, 58, 77-78, 133-35, 148, 259-60, 281, 287, 497 Lambert Field, 293 Larson AFB, 212 Lawson AFB, 128 Luke AFB, 213 Malmstrom AFB, 339 Mitchell AFB, 43, 156, 199-200, 227 Maxwell AFB, 7, 34, 42, 217, 489 McConnell AFB, 288 McGuire AFB, 153, 156 McPherson Field, 56 Moffett Field, 83 Moody AFB, 213 Muroc AFB, 31, 37, 74, 99 Offutt AFB, 84, 280 Oxnard AFB, 246-47 Peterson AFB, 510-12 Pope AFB, 91 Reese AFB, 244 Roswell Army Air Field, 44-45, 350-52, 354 Scott AFB, 344 Selfridge AFB, 95, 130 Stead AFB, 214 Wright-Patterson AFB Colorado Project, 309, 312, 331 congressional hearings, 278-79, 293 foo fighters, 7-8 ghost rockets, 30 information HQ for UFOs, 48, 54, 56, 58, 105, 122-25, 159, 172-73, 178, 218, 238, 262, 286, 494-96, 504 investigations by, 60 media, 120-21, 204, 208-09, 219, 285 technology development, 31, 37, 39-43, 144, 160, 354, 479-84 UFO sightings, 58, 114, 144 Watson era, 101, 108, 140-41, 498-500 United States Air Force organizations Air Defense Command (ADC), 132, 195, 246, 248, 258, 260 Air Defense Command's 4602nd, 197, 211, 219, 246, 266 ADC's Air Intelligence Service Squadron (AISS), 211 handling of UFO reports, 54, 121-24, 126, 211-12, 220, 245, 260, 262, 280, 337 media, 43 national security protection, 159, 190, 197, 216, 266 Air Force Intelligence, 139, 209, 266-67, 292 concerns outlined, 141-43, 152 congressional relations, 276, 278 early UFO reactions, 36, 42, 62, 67, 100-01, 108, 118 estimate on flying saucers, 40 foo fighters, 7-8 information control, 119-20, 123-24, 150-51, 208-09, 228, 240 Robertson Panel, 188, 265 Air Force Office of Air Intelligence (AFOAI and AFOIN), 49-51, 240 Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI and OSI) green fireballs, 77-79, 497 investigation of UFO reports, 91, 93, 106, 133-35, 277, 499 Air Materiel Command (AMC) case investigations, 51-54, 71-72, 80-81, 499 thoughts on UFOs, 62-67, 139-40, 142-43, 476-91, 494-96, 501-02 foo fighters, 7-8 ghost rockets, 57, 63 information analysis, 32, 42-43, 91-93, 101-03, 105-08, 112-16, 121-23, 479-484, 492, 498-99 media, 67, 73-75, 113-14, 120-21 organizational structure, 48, 50-51, 61, 141 Air Force Research and Development Command (AFRDC), 336 Air Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) case investigations, 126-27, 148, 277, 282 CIA review of ATIC, 175-81, 503-07 congressional investigations, 223, 239, 243, 292-93, 296 information analysis and collection, 122-23, 126, 130, 144-46, 149, 164, 189, 246, 248-49, 337 Lubbock Lights, 130-32 media, 120-21, 147, 222, 239-40, 255 Menzel, 152 organizational structure, 123-26, 141, 197 Robertson Panel, 184, 187, 189-91, 194-96, 265, 509 thoughts on UFOs, 139-40, 142-43, 172-74, 197, 242, 508 Watson, 108, 124, 127-28, 265, 501-02 Cambridge Research Laboratory, 81, 105, 115-16, 119 Office of Scientific Research Public Information Office (PIO), 74, 92-93, 98-99, 103, 120, 124, 140, 156-58, 204, 208-10, 219, 224, 242, 258, 262, 342 Research and Development Board, 52, 81, 118, 173, 185 Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), 54-55, 65, 79, 175, 195, 214, 306-07, 477, 479 Special Study Group, 150-51, 173, 191 Strategic Air Command (SAC), 60, 185, 208, 248, 280, 339 United States Army UFO incidents, 153, 155 UFO investigations, 93, 106-07 United States Army Bases Ft. Hood, 144, 348, 510 Ft. McPherson, 56 Ft. Monmouth, 124, 126-27 United States Coast Guard, 36-37, 256, 260-63 United States Naval Bases Cecil Naval Air Station, 251 Kodiak Naval Air Station, 90 Mugu Naval Air Missile Center, 213 Naval Air Station Joint Reserve base, 345-46 Patuxent Naval Base, 31 Pensacola Naval Air Station, 95, 261 United States Navy Balloon projects, 52, 84, 117-19 conflicts with Air Force, 9-10, 48, 73, 85-87, 91, 165, 170, 217, 232, 281-82 early involvement with UFOs, 30, 48, 52, 61-62, 66 flying flapjack, 97-99 guided missile program, 83, 92-95, 281, 403, 428 independent UFO study, 139, 164-66 NICAP, 241-43, 281-82 UFO investigations, 86-87, 90-95, 165-66, 170, 261-62 outer space, 9-10, 165, 348 United States Navy organizations Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 62, 65, 117, 151, 164, 170, 261 Office of Naval Research (ONR), 55, 117-18, 164-66, 197, 217 Universities Australian National University, 397, 403 Berkely, 5, 189 Cal Tech, 86, 127, 176, 217 Carnegie, 189, 307 Columbia, 225 Georgetown University, 151-52 Ohio State University, 5, 56 Harvard, 5, 55, 99, 104, 152, 249-50, 296, 308-09, 320, 331 Iowa State University, 146 Melbourne University, 379 MIT, 5, 57, 72, 104, 174-75, 178, 185, 189, 198, 218, 307-09, 332, 504 New York University, 352 Northwestern University, 308 Østfold University, 455 Princeton, 151, 186, 194 Temple University, 271 Texas Tech University, 131, 254 UCLA, 5, 79, 497 University of Arizona, 308, 310, 315, 323, 328 University of Chicago, 189, 294, 395 University of Colorado, 309, 325, 336 See also Colorado Project University of Dayton, 308 University of Michigan, 194 University of New Mexico, 56, 497 University of Pennsylvania, 290 University of Washington, 443 University of Western Australia, 396 Vanderbilt University, 106 White House, 113, 154, 266, 324, 347, 457 White Sands Proving Ground, 31, 80-81, 105, 249, 510 Robertson Panel, 189, 195 UFO sightings, 33, 35, 37, 42, 85, 92-95, 100, 115, 144, 208, 224-25, 229, 259-60, 262-64 X-15, 217 X-2, 217